Women Rights Movement in Argentina

Women Rights Movement in Argentina Current research is examining the main purpose and objectives of the women rights movement in Argentina. Moreover, the detailed conceptualization of the crucial principles is described through the prism of the thorough analysis of the literature resources and includes the explanation of the various aspects that have conditioned its foundation. In addition, the investigation includes a wide specter of instances that are articulated by the historical, cultural and human factors that influenced women rights movement appearance. The case of Argentina becomes a centralized example of feminist achievements. The Universal Declaration of Human rights, adopted by the United Nations was a great promotion of understanding the phenomenon of freedom. Therefore, it is necessary to underscore the fact that they believed that the ideal of equal rights should be applied internationally (Walter, 19). As a result, this declaration (1948) did not prove its initial goal and the United Nations adopted another Convention in 1979. This document stressed that women are not equal with men because of the motherhood factor that can easily affect the employment issue and become a burden of female realization that required special attention (article 11 of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Woman). The CEDAW document has become an extremely significant challenge to the world community and provoked the awakening of the new force around the world. The universal rights paradigm had to become practicable, but the interpretation of it was obsolete. The Globalization processes have rapidly spread through the world and involved the modernization of moral values standards. For instance, Denmark female population had more privileges and rights in comparison with other European countries. The entry into the European Union was a great step on the way to overcome the stability and improve the system of national governance and economy. Fortunately, the fears of women to lose their freedom did not materialize. Thus, the globalization has opened gates of employment to the female. Transnational corporations offered a wide range of working places for women and made the national sovereignty weaker to resist their policy (Walter, 21). The Third World countries gained a chance to influence their welfare. The lack of economic options hindered the development of the women individuals. On the one hand, transnational corporations empowered them with the ability to work and to have own choice of controlling the personal budget, but, on the other h and, they were put under abusive working conditions in order to have their share in the society (Walter, 21). Although, the internalization of the women rights movement has gradually developed around the world, but there is still a controversy that claims this concept to infringe upon different cultural values and religion factor. The unique instance is Indian women protest against dowry issue. They assert that dowry in their society has become a problem because husbands may only take a marriage to get a financial benefit and later kill their brides (Walter, 22). The phenomenon of domestic violence is also a complexity that has been observed in other countries. Dowry deaths are the bright example of the universal women rights violation and should be eliminated from cultural practice of India and other countries, which have obsolete traditions. This statement includes a number of Arab and African countries because of their well-known reputation to ignore the universal behavioral norms. Argentina is a state that has relatively high level of life standard, but, it is important to emphasize that, approximately 25 percent live in poverty according to Lyn Walter research that poses the question of this factor as a general leverage of women welfare problematic solution. Considering the historical retrospective analysis of Argentina, it is necessary to point that in 1852 the female rights issue was not even mentioned or discussed at all (Walter, 2). The peculiar fact was that married woman could not administer her property or to be a witness without a permission of her husband. In 1896, the socialist party supported the specific measures, which protected women rights. They took care of the working issue of mothers and forbade a multitude of practices that endangered motherhood. Furthermore, the program of 1907 proclaimed that women can vote and have the equal salary to men. It was the real advance of the regulations and practices for that time. Carliona Muzilli Gabriela Laperriere de Coni and other famous feminists of that period wrote the newspaper referred to the working conditions report section describing woman and children working conditions (Walter, 4). Accompanied by other feminists they have created the Centro Socialista Feminino group that was primarily focused on educational lectures for women (Walter, 4). The XX century beginning was a difficult period for Argentina because of the growing debate on the issue of a landowning aristocracy to control the problem of the immigrants (especially the prostitutes of European origin) and working-class female and children health policy problematic resolution and amelioration (Walter, 4). A chaos took over the system and it was a tangled task to complete. Finally, the Law 11.317 was implemented in 1924 and it has regulated the issue of eight-hour work for the woman, workbook demand and forbade the pregnancy to be a reason for firing (Walter, 4). However, the society was not reluctant to abide such rules, but these norms were partially incorporated into the general order. Hence, the women were not assumed to be children with limited abilities or intelligence as they were treated in XIX century. Cecilia Grierson was one of the Argentina’s first feminist who had higher education and attended the meeting of International Council for Woman in London. She made every possible effort to found the National Council for Woman in her country, but, unfortunately, she was not able to make it a suffragist organization (Walter, 5). Thus, she managed to build a great philanthropic organization, which supported an educational idea and process for women in Argentina. It was a big achievement to criticize the subordination and to break the silence of issues that deserved to be opened to the public. The XX century feminists were only a small group of the brave personalities who wanted to boost the perspectives baked for next generations. 1910, Cecilia Grierson’s organization held the First International Feminine Congress in Buenos Aires. The raised the problematic of female legal status, education necessity, suffrage and other (Walter, 5). The case of Argentina women rights movement history is, probably the most successful example of the progress in this field. They have made a great input in democratization processes and took the persuasive position in the promotion of their concept. The Peronist party government had absolutely supported and granted female their full political rights (Walter, 1). Madres de Plaza de Mayo group did every possible effort to enhance the democratization of their country and to protest the horrible fact of the children disappearance in Argentina (Walter, 1). After 1983, the feminist movement was literally unleashed and occupied of political, economic and legal spheres. They strived to ratify the women rights convention of the United Nations and assailed their opponents with the perfectly logical initiatives. The rapid modernization facilitated the negative consequences and results possibility that served a key to evolving new positions according to the obsolete regime and stereotypical order that prosecuted female for their will to be free. There were literally no borders of sympathy or understanding and women had to create a safety barrier for themselves. Furthermore, there was no need to put the cart before the horse in defending of actual inevitability that leads to the contemporary globalized democracy. Consequently, all of the limited traditions and principles were replaced with the new standards and it became a merit of courageous female individuals who broke the clichà ©. Finally, this research introduces an analysis of the movement for women rights through the multitude of instances describes in Lynn Walter work. Moreover, the historic retrospective correlations fill this investigation with a specific thoughtful approach that reveals real conditions of the movement formation. In addition, the clear structural scheme of the informational examination becomes a basis for the general awareness in the current case. The evaluation of measures taken by the feminist movement in Argentina deduces that it was, probably, the most successful organization to protect women rights, according to their achievements in the difficult time and regime realities.

Machiavelli And Socrates - 896 Words

Machiavelli and Socrates are two of the most prominent philosophers of history. Each men are characterized by developing distinct schools of thought regarding individual rights and statehood. Machiavelli’s The Prince is a manual for rulers: lessons based on empirical observations of history. In The Apology written by Plato, Socrates delivers a justification to an Athenian court. It is not so much an apology for his accused actions, but an oration of his personal beliefs regarding free thought. What would have Socrates thought of Machiavelli’s version of an ideal prince?†¦show more content†¦Next, the prince must delegate the dirty work to others and leave the favorable acts for himself. Citizens are important to government, and so are their approvals of government. The support of the people can elevate the power of the prince. Machiavelli discredits the presence of morality in politics. In fact, he encourages amoral actions for the prince. In The Apology , Socrates defends his honor and advances his belief in truth-seeking. He believed that probing the minds of others was integral to the advancement of human understanding. However, some saw his inquisitive nature as dangerous. Since he publicized his opinions, he posed a threat to the state. He did not blindly conform to its practices. Socrates protected his honor, and opted to die than to waive on his convictions. He sought to ask questions, to scrutinize authorities, and to challenge establishments. At the core of Socrates’ political opinions, he evaluated that individuals must think for themselves.. He wanted to create a change within the system. Socrates did not wage war againstShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Machiavelli1681 Words   |  7 PagesS ocrates, in his early works, maintained a steadfast distance from involvement in politics, making a comparison or evaluation of a political system in his persona technically impossible. 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From Segragation to Racism - 1280 Words

From Segregation to Racism During the 20th century there was segregation and racism in the United States. Many people believe these times are over but there is still an extreme amount of racism going on in the country today. During the 1900’s, leaders of all races (Black, Hispanics and whites) were fighting for equality. The majority of the black population was fighting for civil rights,better education, anti-lynching laws and equal opportunities. Jim crow laws, The KKK, and the horrible treatment towards minorities led to the continuance of racism in the country. Since the beginning of slavery, blacks have been treated unequal and when other minorities started coming to the U.S. in the 20th century, they were treated unequal as†¦show more content†¦After World War II, the federal government began to take its first productive actions against lynching. It took 21 years for the government to realize this should be against the law. One step closer to equality for minorities. Many great Leaders su ch as MLK jr, Cesar Chavez, Malcolm X, Medgar Evers and John F. Kennedy all contributed to the civil rights movement, the fight for equality and putting a stop to segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968 (Martin Luther King Jr. , history.com). MLK believed that everyone should be equal and have equal opportunities. He hoped to Much like Cesar Chavez who was stressing nonviolent methods, Chavez drew attention for his causes via boycotts, marches and hunger strikes. Despite conflicts with the Teamsters union and legal barriers, he was able to secure raises and improve conditions for farm workers in California, Texas, Arizona and Florida.(history.com, Cesar Chavez) Chavezs main focus was to gain more rights for Mexican American farmers facing discrimination. Malcolm X believed in similar ideas as MLK but he choose a different approach. MLK was going for a more peaceful approach while Malcolm X went for a more violent approach toward the white community. Medgar Evers (1925-1963) was an African-American civilShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mocking Bird- Thematic Approach (Outsiders)1695 Words   |  7 Pagesneighbourhood because her father Atticus was Tom Robinson’s Lawyer. What prior experiences have helped to make this person an outsider? His skin colour for one was something he had no control over and this made him an outsider in America where racism is the norm. Another experience that helped make him an outsider was that he always helped Ewell’s kid, Mayella out all the time, for free because he â€Å"felt sorry for her† as he said when being trialled upon. His good deeds however wasn’t repaid asRead MoreAfrican Americans Played a Key Role in Vietnam War Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesblacks in the Army c. The Vietnam War as a genocide II. Discrimination Issues a. Armed Forces dominated by whites b. Personal racism c. Racist practices against blacks d. African Americans in combat III. Black Women in the Armed Forces a. Segregation in working areas b. Black women and their assignments IV. The Black Power a. Response to racism b. The new black culture c. Black’s own terminology V. Consequences of Black response a. Banned Manifestations b. WidespreadRead MoreJackie Robinson Contributions to the Development of America1866 Words   |  8 Pagesprohibitting him from responding. On March 17th, 1946 he played his first professional game in Daytona. â€Å"’He was impatient and a fighter for change,’† Mrs. Robinson stated, â€Å"and when he set his mind to something, he did it.† He inspired millions. This one man’s life changed the world in ways that made it more open minded and accepting. Robinson achieved this exploid by making the decison to give up the man he was for the man he would become. He learned to turn his back on the instincts he adapted from living

Don Juan free essay sample

The women in Don Juan are seen as pretty, submissive women whom are sexually attractive even sexually responsive. The men in Don Juan appear to be charming and unaccountable for their irresponsible love affairs based on the rationale that falling in love and lust is their default. Thus the men in Don Juan have no need for brute force or seductive tactics to obtain the women they desire. In 1818 when Don Juan was written it was unheard of for women to be liberated and unconventional. Byron pushed the envelope by transforming the female characters in Don Juan from passive, submissive, gentle women to rebellious, explicit, sexually aggressive women. In† Don Juan†, Donna Inez, Donna Julia, and Haidee are examples of attractive, gentle, dutiful, self sacrificing women who are accepting of their fate to the point of victimization. In Cantos I of Don Juan, Donna Inez the rigidly virtuous woman is tortured and tormented by her obligation to surrender and remain in an unhappy existence. Donna Inez is a learned woman of the arts and has a keen memory. Although Donna Inez is an educated and sophisticated woman, her husband Don Jose’ has no interest in her or her accomplishments. Don Jose’ possesses a wondering eye to which Donna Inez takes notice. Their marriage became a stagnant burden on the both of them that, Chatman 2 For some time an unhappy sort of life, Wishing each other, not divorced, but dead; They lived respectably as man and wife†( Byron I. 202-204. 1694). Don Jose’ takes Donna Inez for granted and is continuously getting into altercations which in turn instigate quarrels between him and Donna. â€Å"She kept a journal, where his faults were noted† (Byron. I. 217. 1694), Donna Inez tries to prove that her husband is mad, maintaining a journal outlying her findings while foraging through his personal belongings as to obtain evidence to use against him in hopes of a divorce. In Don Juan Byron amends Donna Inez’s burden from discontented wife to over bearing, smothering, and sheltering mother. Donna Inez is seen as a cold and harsh type of woman, although there is evidence that she has not always been so. Don Jose’ died before him and Donna Inez were able to obtain a divorce, â€Å"An only son left with an only mother† (Byron. I. 295. 1695). Donna Inez felt as though Don Juan’s â€Å"breeding should be strictly moral† (Byron. I. 308. 1696). Byron employs the â€Å"natural† role of women based on chastity, marriage, and political power (Franklin, p. 17-19). Because Donna Inez takes on the burden of sole provider for her son and shelters him from the worldly views, â€Å"Byron undermines the concept of reforming society through endowing women with the role of guardian of morals by suggesting the unalterable dynamics of human sexuality† (Franklin, p. 117). As Don Juan, the son of Donna Inez matured into manhood women noticed his transformation, Donna Inez’s refusal to notice the boy’s modification is due to her fear of him becoming unmoral. Due to Juan’s distorted education and upbringing he partakes in a scandalous affair with one of his mother’s companions, Donna Julia. The affair embarrasses his mother and to avoid a scandal Donna Inez ships Jun off to travel to reset Chatman 3 His moral compass. Donna Inez looses individuality first in her obligated duties as a wife and then as a domineering mother falling victim social norms denying he own self discovery. Donna Julia a shy, inert woman breaks out of her role as submissive wife to not so innocent seductress. Byron’s satiric poem portrays Naive idealism, self repression, and the outright hypocrisy representing three stages in an Englishwoman’s life (Franklin, p. 117). Donna Julia is an unhappy wife married to Don Alfonso, a middle-aged man incapable of engaging in her affections. Donna Julia is desperately seeking an escape from her dreadful everyday life. Donna Julia begins to find Don Juan attractive none-the-less attempting to contain her lust for the young boy, Byron indicates that woman by nature have as much a creature or more of a sexual appetite as a man (Franklin, p. 117), thus explain Donna Julia’s surrendering to the flesh; â€Å"And Julia sate with Juan, half embraced And half retiring from the glowing arm† (Byron. I. 913-914. 1704). Juan and Donna Julia affair becomes apparent and he is shipped off to sea by his mother and she to a convent by her husband, â€Å"the episode is forever closed for him on shipboard, when, reading Julia’s farewell letter and vowing never to forget her† (Boyd, 66). Donna Julia fell victim to the flesh and sacrifices her freedom for internal happiness. One midsummer evening the two declare their love for each other without the notion of possible consequences. November of that year Don Alfonso enters Donna Julia’s room accompanied by his servants and makes a frantic search, but finds nothing. Dismissing the others, he returns to apologize for his jealousy, all the while spotting a pair of men’s shoes in the bed, â€Å"When lo! He stumbled o’er a pair of shoes† (Byron. I. 1440. 1710). The scandal Chatman 4 Of the affair has put Donna Julia’s life in a compromising state. â€Å"Julia was sent to a nunnery† (Byon. I. 1526. 1712). Juan has now experienced, â€Å"the Promethean self; the irrepressible energy of the rebel’s desire, demanding liberty and power, bursting constraints of any sort, political, aesthetic, physical, and moral† (Tolliver, 395) and can no longer return to the confined way of life he once knew. Due to Donna Julia’s â€Å"sexual domination† which was deemed as a threat and immoral in that time frame, she is punished in such a way of seclusion that ultimately secures her chastity and denies her romantic and femininity freedoms. Haidee forms the ultimate romantic bond with Juan which is victimized by her father and triggers her demise. Juan becomes ship wrecked and the innocent Haidee discovers him washed ashore and aides him back to health. Haidee and Juan fall into a whirlwind of love despite the language barrier and Donna Julia appears to be distant fond memory of a short lived fling. Juan finds real romance for the first time and last time. He and Haidee love not like the children of nature, as in the feigning of the pretty romances Byron deplored† (Tolliver, 66). Haidee’s father Lambro disapproves of Juan and ultimately sells him off into slavery and Haidee pregnant, dies of a broken heart. Lambro illustrates a spirit of competitiveness and self -assertion (Greer, 475) with Juan and is disturbing because Haidee is his daughter not one of his concubines. Juan’s and Haidee’s exotic passions expressed in a natural state of innocence, but unfortunately collide with the cruel intentions of Lambro, who exemplifies envy of the lover’s happiness. â€Å"Women have traditionally been the medium of exchange that secures peace between men† (Greer, 476), Chatman 5 In Don Juan women are the contrary; women are forces that drive men apart and eventually create their destruction. Byron is far more interested in the female protagonists of Don Juan rather than the typical egotistic jealous husband. Neither portrait of Donna Inez nor Donna Julia is flattering. Byron characterizes Donna Inez as malicious, in which others assumed Byron was personally attacking his estranged wife. Donna Inez is an intolerant and reserved wife; where as Donna Julia is a portrait of women as naive and deceiving. â€Å"Don Juan’s character logical decline is chronologically† (Utterback, 629) characterized by his doomed romantic relationships. Unlike earlier figures, Byron’s hero is so irresistibly attractive to women that they seduce him rather than vice versa (Utterback, 629). ‘Juan nearly died’ (Byron. I. 68) from affairs with Julia and Haidee: the passionate Julia is sentenced to life-in-death in a convent; Haidees nurturing of Juan is coupled with shadows of death, and she herself dies. Despite these women being a driven force in their own liberation, they were also a force to their downfall. †Byron more than hints that the reason Donna Inez was prompt to se parate Juan and Julia, when the fact that they were falling in love became obvious, was that Inez, now a widow, had once been courted by Julia’s husband, Don Alfonso, and that she was consequently jealous of Julia and wanted to destroy her reputation and even her marriage† (Boyd, 65). Inez has internalized the feminine ideal of morality and obedience where as she then transforms into the moralizing mother, a tool for institutional authority. The role that women play in this male struggle for dominance is not completely verbalized; rather the power is implied by charming juxtapositions. â€Å"Don Juan reveals to us a dying order† (Johnson, 140), an order in which men are dominant and the aggressor to a Chatman 6 Patriarchal society. It appears as though Byron wants a heroine, for the presence of a woman seems necessary for Juan’s self-completion. Morality does not play a significant role in Don Juan, â€Å"Byron’s view in contrast, is realistic, ironic, and tolerant, aware of human vices and still more of human weaknesses, but accepting them with amused resignation as simply what one must except from such a creature as man† (Lauber, 614). The clear message of the poem for women, is individualism, how to not lose one self in the passions and the lust of the flesh. Although Don Juan’s individuality is not the focus of the poem, he is able to navigate his way in the world through the influence of women. All the male characters of the poem have lost their masculine competence to overpower women. Women are viewed as feminists whom took control of their life with no regrets, even if the sacrifice was their freedom and happiness. The masculine code of chivalry is masked with female independence and free thinking. The roles of women became central in reforming the archaic way of thinking in society. The doors of sexual rebellion of traditional sexual morality were thrown open in Don Juan by Donna Julia. Throughout Don Juan, â€Å"sexual politics† is the matter at hand, how women with hold affection, seduce, and manipulate men to satisfy their own self fish needs. All marriages depicted in the poem are unhealthy and end in tragedy, thus depicting marriage as destructive. â€Å"Byron’s Canto I take on sentimental heroines in its portraits of Inez and Julia† (Franklin, 123). The women in Don Juan are seen as opportunists, taking advantage of every possible prospect to obtain some type of tranquility. The female appetite was said to not exist and ignored due to Chatman 7 Contemporary times, Don Juan irrevocably unlocks the restricted dialogue that has for so many years been silenced.